What Are the Advantages of High Temperature Functional Materials Producer？

The two most common materials for FDM printing are PLA and ABS. Of the two, ABS offers higher heat resistance. There are also other more heat-resistant filaments available, however, these are often harder to print with or require specialized industrial 3D printers.

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PLA

PLA is the most common plastic material for filament 3D printers — it’s low cost,  has a very simple workflow, and comes in many colors, making it appealing to the hobbyist and K-12 education market. Standard PLA has a relatively low heat resistance, with an HDT of around 50 ºC at 0.45MPa. Therefore, for those looking to preserve the ease of use while being able to quickly and easily print heat-resistant PLA parts, many manufacturers offer a PLA material with additives that improve its heat resistance. Additionally, some workflows recommend an annealing step — meaning finished parts are reheated to further crystallize their structures and prevent creep or slow deformation when under strain.

ABS

ABS is the most common FDM 3D printing filament for engineering and other professional applications. It produces parts that are strong and impact-resistant. With an HDT of 90 ºC at 0.45MPa, it has better heat resistance than other common filament types like PLA or PETG. ABS parts are ideal for rapid prototyping applications and in education; the low cost and accessible workflow make it a popular choice for quick prints.

Polycarbonate (PC)

Polycarbonate materials, though known for their high tensile strength and temperature resistance, are typically difficult to 3D print because they expand when exposed to heat, and 3D printed parts can crack or malfunction. FDM 3D printer manufacturers often get around this by creating polycarbonate composites with additives that increase their adhesive ability. Some heat-resistant polycarbonate composite filaments can achieve HDTs of up to 110 ºC to 140 ºC at 0.45MPa, but require high temperatures for the print bed and extrusion nozzle, which can limit the types of printers available. 

PEEK

PEEK or PEEK composite filaments offer the highest heat resistance for FDM 3D printing. These filaments, when combined with a material such as carbon fiber, as is the case with PEEK-CF, a carbon fiber PEEK composite, can reach up to 260 ºC before deforming under strain, making them ideal for quick prototyping of electrical connectors, outdoor products, or jigs and fixtures around molding applications and processes. The material is highly chemical resistant, friction resistant, and can be machined once in a solid form post-printing. PEEK’s heat resistant properties make it difficult to melt and extrude smoothly, and many users report that reliability and consistency with PEEK are harder to achieve. PEEK filaments are only compatible with a a few indsutrial FDM printers. To ensure good results, printers must have an extruder that can reach 400 °C, a chamber that can be heated to 120 °C, and a build plate that can heat to 230 °C. PEEK is also subsitantially more expensive than other filaments. 

ULTEM (PEI)

ULTEM is another name for polyetherimide (PEI), a high-performance thermoplastic frequently used in FDM 3D printing because of its heat resistance and strength. With an HDT of around 150 °C at 0.45MPa and a high tensile strength, it is a worthy, and less expensive, replacement for PEEK in a variety of applications. ULTEM is more easily printed than PEEK, but still requires a high heat extruder — around 360 °C — to achieve good results, therefore only a limited range of FDM printers are suited for printing ULTEM filament.

SLA 3D printing delivers smooth, end-use quality parts that can perform in a variety of different environments. Formlabs has developed several high-temperature resistant resins specifically for customers working in extreme environments, in addition to creating several exceptionally strong resins that are also heat-resistant. 

When choosing a resin printer for a heat-resistant 3D printing workflow, it’s important to delineate which mechanical properties are important in addition to HDT. For instance, if your parts will have an end-use operating environment of 200 ºC, that’s the first mechanical property to evaluate. If they only have an end-use operating environment of 150 ºC, you will have more options to choose from, and can then evaluate the printer based on other materials available, surface finish, ease of use, and price.

Clear Resin

Resin 3D printing offers the unique possibility to create truly transparent 3D printed parts. A standard material designed for strength and durability, Clear Resin has good enough heat-resistance that it can be used for higher heat applications such as hot air or gas ducting. With an HDT of 73 °C at 0.45 MPa, this general purpose material is excellent for functional prototyping. Clear Resin can be used for lower temperature molding applications, such as polyurethane molding, as mold temperatures tend to only reach about 60 °C.

Tough Resin

For prototyping strong, stiff, and sturdy parts that should not bend easily, Tough Resin is an excellent choice. It can be used for jigs and fixtures requiring minimal deflection, due to its close simulation of the strength and stiffness of ABS.

High Temp Resin 

For high-temperature applications requiring the smooth surface finish and optimized material properties of SLA resins, High Temp Resin is a great fit. It is a purpose-built resin designed for high-heat resistance. With an HDT of 238 °C at 0.45 MPa, the highest among Formlabs resins, High Temp Resin is ideal for applications like functional prototyping of high-heat consumer electronics, hot air, gas, and fluid flow, and molds and inserts.  

Flame Retardant Resin 

Specially-designed to be self-extinguishing and halogen-free, Flame Retardant Resin is an SLA material with a UL 94 V-0 certification and favorable flame, smoke, and toxicity (FST) ratings. It is ideal for printing flame retardant, heat resistant, stiff, and creep-resistant parts that will perform well long-term in indoor and industrial environments with high temperatures or ignition sources. It has an HDT of 111 ºC at 0.45 MPa.

Rigid 10K Resin 

Rigid 10K Resin is highly glass-filled material that is strong, stiff, and resistant to deformation under a variety of forces, pressures, and torques. It offers a very high heat resistance with an HDT of 238 °C at 0.45 MPa. It is ideal for short-run injection mold masters and inserts, aerodynamic test models, and fluid-exposed jigs, fixtures, and connectors.

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Silicone 40A Resin

Combining the high performance of silicone and the design freedom of 3D printing to create highly functional silicone parts with excellent chemical and heat resistance (up to 125 °C), Silicone 40A Resin is the first accessible 100% silicone 3D printing resin. It can achieve fine features as small as 0.3 mm, and complex geometries that are not possible with traditional methods.

Alumina 4N Resin

The only accessible, high-performance technical ceramic, Alumina 4N Resin enables new 3D printing applications for extreme environments. Though printing with it does require extra equipment for a true ceramic burnout, once fully completed, Alumina 4N Resin parts have a maximum working temperature of °C. Using this material opens up new applications in industrial casting, molding, and even in specialty applications such as nuclear waste and liquid metals handling.

The most common material for selective laser sintering is nylon, a highly capable engineering thermoplastic that is resistant to UV, light, heat, moisture, solvents, temperature, and water. It is ideal for complex assemblies and durable parts with high environmental stability. It is available in multiple variants and in composite forms, each tailored to different applications. Other popular SLS materials include the ductile polypropylene (PP) and the flexible TPU, both offering good heat-resistant properties.

Nylon 12 Powder

Balancing strength and detail, Nylon 12 Powder is a highly capable material for both functional prototyping and end-use production of complex assemblies and durable parts with high environmental stability. It offers an HDT of 171 °C at 0.45 MPa, making it one of the best general purpose materials for high-temperature applications.

Nylon 12 GF Powder

Nylon 12 GF Powder is a glass-filled material with enhanced stiffness and heat resistance under strain to endure demanding manufacturing conditions. Ideal for applications where structural rigidity and thermal stability are critical, such as high-performance functional prototypes or robust end-use parts that need to maintain dimensional accuracy.

Nylon 11 Powder

Nylon 11 Powder is a ductile and robust material with an HDT of 182 °C at 0.45 MPa. It is suitable for 3D printing heat-resistant parts that need to bend or take impact, for functional prototyping and small batch production.

Nylon 11 CF Powder

Nylon 11 CF Powder is a carbon fiber reinforced powder that is ideal for stiff, strong, lightweight parts that can endure high heat for long-term use. It has an HDT of 188 °C at 0.45 MPa, making it Formlabs' most temperature resistant SLS powder. It is ideal for high-heat applications that require strength and stiffness, such as replacement and spare alternatives to metal parts.

Polypropylene Powder

Polypropylene Powder is a genuine polypropylene (PP) that offers high ductility, allowing for repeated bending and flexing while ensuring durability, without the need for inert atmospheric control. With an HDT of 113 °C at 0.45 MPa, it has a bit lower heat resistance than nylon, but can still produce works-like prototypes and durable end-use parts that are chemically resistant, weldable, and watertight.

TPU 90A Powder

SLS 3D printers can also create flexible TPU parts with unmatched design freedom and ease. Combining the temperature resistance, high tear strength, and elongation at break of rubber materials with the versatility of SLS 3D printing, TPU 90A Powder is ideal for producing flexible, skin-safe prototypes and end-use parts that withstand the demands of everyday use.

Catalyst producers respond to the drivers affecting their customers. This includes the need for more environmentally-friendly processes, and the wish to vary feedstocks to respond to changing market dynamics. This creates a requirement for more flexible catalysts which can adapt to process or feedstock changes, and encourages catalysts producers to shorten the development timelines to respond quickly to their customers’ wishes. Extending the life time of catalysts generally offers operational benefits to most manufacturers. Functional materials are pressed to simultaneously meet the consumer-driven needs of more cost effective materials, while also improving performance in areas such as energy density or thermo-electric properties.

ILS helps energy companies to discover how to meet ambitious environmental requirements in a cost effective way. Our parallel reactors reduce the time required to determine the catalyst and process conditions which will meet the changing market needs, and our user friendly software avoids this becoming a headache for laboratory researchers. Running catalyst robustness studies in ILS systems determines how to reduce the downtime for catalyst changeovers. The ILS contract research service helps energy producers with urgent needs access our state of the art research tools.

It wasn’t possible to find existing equipment which could screen catalysts up to 800 degrees Celsius, or use a natural light source as a photoreactor. ILS took an open mind to solve these technical challenges using their deep experience from the many custom designs they’ve completed. They didn’t need to rely on existing standards so the unit was exactly tailored to the chemistry. The open dialogue we have helps me to completely trust them. The unit perfectly meets our needs, and has generated high quality data which we’ve successfully published.

Prof. Dr. Reinhard Schomäcker, University of Berlin

ILS designed a unique dual-purpose unit for the group of Prof. Schomäcker at the TU-Berlin. The unit provides high-throughput catalyst testing capability as well as kinetic testing capability for the high-temperature oxidative coupling of methane at up to °C. ILS split the unit into two halves with one, 6-parallel small-scale high-throughput testing section for testing ca 100-300mg of powdered catalyst on one side. All reactors have the same gas composition and feed flowrates with individual temperatures. The 2nd side has two, larger-scale reactors for kinetic testing on 1-3g catalyst samples. As kinetic testing requires much more parameter variation, the kinetic testing reactors can operated at different flowrates and compositions and have 3-zone ovens to provide excellent isothermicity. Each side has its own online GC and is fully automated.

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